Series 7 — General Securities Representative Exam Cheat Sheet

High-yield exam habits

The Series 7 rewards candidates who can apply product knowledge to customer situations. Do not study only definitions. Practice deciding what is suitable, what disclosure is required, which order type fits, how a bond or option behaves, and when a rule makes a recommendation improper.

Practical review rule: if a question gives you a customer profile, the product answer is rarely just “what has the highest return.” Match objective, time horizon, liquidity, tax status, risk tolerance, experience, and account type.

Product-selection matrix

Suitability decision path

    flowchart TD
	    A[Customer request or representative idea] --> B{Is there a recommendation?}
	    B -->|No: unsolicited order| C[Process if lawful and appropriate disclosures made]
	    B -->|Yes| D[Know the customer profile]
	    D --> E{Reasonable-basis suitability?}
	    E -->|No| X[Do not recommend]
	    E -->|Yes| F{Customer-specific fit?}
	    F -->|No| X
	    F -->|Yes| G{Series of transactions excessive?}
	    G -->|Yes| X
	    G -->|No| H[Disclose key risks, costs, conflicts, alternatives]
	    H --> I[Document, supervise, and process]

Fast Decision Framework for Suitability

Before choosing an answer, ask:

1. Who is the customer? Age, income, net worth, tax bracket, dependents, experience.
2. What is the goal? Income, growth, capital preservation, speculation, liquidity, tax advantage.
3. When is the money needed? Immediate, short-term, long-term, retirement, education.
4. What risk can the customer tolerate? Market, credit, liquidity, interest-rate, inflation, currency, concentration.
5. What account is being used? Taxable, retirement, custodial, trust, margin, discretionary.
6. What costs or constraints matter? Loads, surrender charges, margin interest, commissions, liquidity restrictions.
7. Is the transaction recommended, unsolicited, or discretionary? The obligation and documentation may change.

    flowchart TD
	    A[Question gives customer facts] --> B{Is a recommendation being made?}
	    B -->|Yes| C[Identify objective, time horizon, risk, liquidity, tax status]
	    B -->|No / unsolicited| D[Check order handling, documentation, and firm procedures]
	    C --> E[Match product features to customer profile]
	    E --> F{Reasonable-basis, customer-specific, and quantitative suitability?}
	    F -->|Yes| G[Select the best recommendation]
	    F -->|No| H[Reject product even if return looks attractive]
	    D --> I[Execute only if account and order rules permit]

Margin Cheat Sheet

Margin magnifies gains and losses. It is not automatically suitable just because a customer wants leverage.

Long Margin

Long margin traps:

• If stock price falls, equity falls faster than market value.
• A margin call may require cash or securities.
• SMA is buying power, not a guaranteed withdrawal without consequences.
• Margin is generally inappropriate for customers needing capital preservation or near-term liquidity.

Short Margin

Short sale traps:

• Short sellers are bearish.
• If the stock rises, short equity declines.
• Short sales require attention to locate, margin, and buy-in risk.
• Potential loss on an uncovered short stock position is unlimited.

Yield ranking

Bond risk matrix

Corporate, Treasury, and municipal bonds

Municipal bond distinctions

Municipal analysis terms

Bond Price and Yield Basics

Yield relationships:

Core formulas in words:

• Current yield = annual interest / current market price.
• Conversion ratio = par value / conversion price.
• Bond parity for convertible bond = stock price × conversion ratio.
• Stock parity price = bond price / conversion ratio.

Bond Features

Corporate Bonds

Corporate bond traps:

• A high coupon does not always mean a good value; price, call risk, credit risk, and yield to call matter.
• A callable premium bond often requires comparing yield to call, not just yield to maturity.
• A convertible bond may behave more like equity when the underlying stock rises.

Municipal Bonds

Municipal revenue bond analysis often focuses on:

• Project feasibility.
• Rate covenants.
• Debt service coverage.
• Flow of funds.
• Additional bonds test.
• Maintenance covenants.
• Call provisions.
• User demand and essentiality.

Tax traps:

• Municipal interest is generally federally tax-exempt, but capital gains are not.
• In-state municipal interest may receive favorable state/local tax treatment, depending on the investor’s state rules.
• Some private activity municipal bonds may have alternative minimum tax implications.
• A tax-free yield must be compared with taxable alternatives using the customer’s tax bracket.

Tax-equivalent yield concept:

• Tax-equivalent yield = municipal yield / (1 − tax rate).

Do not recommend a municipal bond solely because the interest is tax-exempt. A low-bracket investor may prefer a taxable bond with a higher after-tax return.

U.S. Government and Agency Securities

Mortgage-backed securities traps:

• When rates fall, homeowners refinance, creating prepayment risk.
• When rates rise, prepayments slow, creating extension risk.
• Monthly income is not the same as a fixed bond coupon schedule.

Preferred stock variations

Rights, warrants, ADRs, REITs, DPPs

Theoretical value of rights

Common Stock

Common stock traps:

• Dividends are not mandatory. A profitable company may choose not to pay.
• Book value is not market value. Market price reflects expectations, not just accounting value.
• Voting rights do not mean control unless the customer owns a meaningful percentage.

Preferred Stock

Preferred stock is usually more income-oriented than common stock, but it still has equity risk. It is not the same as a bond.

Rights, Warrants, and ADRs

Basic option positions

Covered and protective strategies

Spread rules

For vertical spreads, the maximum value is the difference between strike prices. Therefore:

Straddles and volatility

Option suitability traps

Option tax basics

Basic Option Positions

Exercise meaning:

Options traps:

• Buyers have rights; sellers have obligations.
• Premium is paid by buyer and received by seller.
• Long options are wasting assets because of time decay.
• Short uncovered options can create very large losses.
• American-style equity options can generally be exercised before expiration; do not assume exercise only at expiration unless stated.

Stock Plus Option Strategies

Spreads

Spread formula rules in words:

• Difference between strikes = spread width.
• Debit spread max gain = spread width − net debit.
• Credit spread max loss = spread width − net credit.

Straddles and Volatility

Long straddle breakevens:

• Upper breakeven = strike + total premiums.
• Lower breakeven = strike − total premiums.

Common trap: long straddles are not “bullish” or “bearish”; they are volatility strategies.

Short margin

Margin product restrictions and traps

Margin agreements

Mutual fund share classes

Mutual fund sales-charge terms

Variable annuities

Variable annuity suitability red flags

Mutual Funds, Closed-End Funds, ETFs, and UITs

Mutual fund share class review:

Breakpoint traps:

• Do not split purchases to avoid giving a breakpoint.
• Consider rights of accumulation and letters of intent when applicable.
• Fund switching can be abusive if it creates new sales charges without a valid investment reason.

Variable Annuities

Variable annuity suitability checklist:

• Long-term time horizon?
• Need for tax deferral beyond retirement accounts?
• Ability to tolerate market risk?
• Understanding of fees, surrender charges, and riders?
• Liquidity needs low enough to accept restrictions?
• Existing annuity exchange justified after comparing costs and benefits?

Common trap: recommending a variable annuity inside a tax-deferred retirement account without a clear reason beyond tax deferral.

REITs and Direct Participation Programs

DPP suitability is narrow. Watch for questions involving conservative investors, liquidity needs, or lack of sophistication.

Account documents and approvals

Retirement and education accounts

Account Ownership and Authority

Retirement and Education Accounts

Suitability traps:

• Do not recommend speculative trading for accounts designed for preservation or education needs.
• Tax deferral is less valuable when the account already provides tax deferral unless another feature justifies the product.
• Retirement accounts are not automatically suitable for illiquid or high-fee investments.

Stop and limit memory aid

Settlement and delivery concepts

Order Types

Quick stop-order memory aid:

• Protect a long stock position with a sell stop below the market.
• Protect a short stock position with a buy stop above the market.

Discretionary Accounts

A discretionary account generally means the representative can decide one or more of:

• Security.
• Amount.
• Action: buy or sell.

Exam traps:

• Written customer authorization and firm approval are typically central.
• Time and price discretion for the same trading day is not the same as full discretionary authority, but must still follow firm procedures.
• Unauthorized trading is a serious violation even if the trade later becomes profitable.

Dividends and Settlement Concepts

Know the dividend sequence:

1. Declaration date.
2. Ex-dividend date.
3. Record date.
4. Payable date.

Exam points:

• Buyer must purchase before the ex-dividend date to receive the dividend.
• On the ex-dividend date, the stock trades without the dividend.
• Stock price is typically adjusted downward by approximately the dividend amount on the ex-date.
• Know current regular-way settlement conventions from FINRA materials; many equity, corporate, and municipal securities transactions now use shortened settlement cycles.

Underwriting structures

New issue and distribution rules

New Issues, Underwriting, and Primary Market Review

Primary-market traps:

• Indications of interest are not final purchases.
• A prospectus is not a sales guarantee; it is disclosure.
• IPO allocations, hot issues, and restricted persons are heavily rule-driven.
• Municipal underwriting involves MSRB-related conduct and disclosure concepts.

Cost basis methods

Wash sale rule

Communications with the public

Prohibited and high-risk conduct

Customer protection and coverage

Rule 144 memory points

Technical analysis

Portfolio concepts

• Reinvested dividends still matter for tax and basis.
• Municipal bond interest can be tax-free while capital gains are taxable.
• A high-yield taxable bond may be better for a low-tax-bracket investor than a lower-yield municipal bond.
• Do not ignore surrender charges, tax penalties, or ordinary income treatment on annuity withdrawals.

High-yield principles:

• Communications must be fair and balanced.
• Risks must be disclosed, not hidden in fine print.
• Projections, guarantees, testimonials, comparisons, and performance claims require careful treatment.
• Options, mutual funds, variable products, and municipal securities have product-specific communication concerns.
• Principal review, approval, filing, and recordkeeping depend on the communication type and content.

Prohibited or Dangerous Conduct

AML and Customer Identification

Exam focus:

• Know your customer and customer identification concepts.
• Recognize suspicious red flags.
• Escalate suspicious activity under firm procedures.
• Do not tip off a customer about suspicious activity reporting.
• Watch for structuring, unexplained third-party wires, rapid movement of funds, and inconsistent account activity.

Bond Math Must-Knows

Options Math Must-Knows

Options math trap: identify whether the customer is long or short the premium. Buyers pay premium; sellers receive premium.